Everolimus Approved for GI and Lung Neuroendocrine Tumors

Simron Singh, MD

Simron Singh, MD

Following on a significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) among participants in the phase III RADIANT-4 trial the FDA approved the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (Afinitor) for the treatment of adult patients with progressive, well-differentiated non-functional, locally advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal (GI) or lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).

Median PFS was 11 months with everolimus versus 3.9 months with placebo, representing a 52% reduction in the risk of progression or death (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.35-0.67; P <.001). Median PFS by investigator assessment with everolimus was 14.0 versus 5.5 months with placebo (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.28-0.54; P <.001).¹

The FDA approved everolimus in May 2011 as a treatment for patients with progressive, metastatic pancreatic NETs. This decision was based on a similar positive demonstration of efficacy in the phase III RADIANT-3 study. Median PFS in this group was 11.0 months with everolimus compared with 4.6 months with placebo.

Adverse events (AEs) in the RADIANT-4 trial were consistent with the known safety profile for everolimus. Drug-related AEs were mostly grades 1 and 2 stomatitis, diarrhea, fatigue, infections, rash, and peripheral edema. The most common grades 3/4 AEs among everolimus-treated patients were stomatitis (9%), diarrhea (7%), and infections (7%). Grade 3/4 adverse events were uncommon in the placebo arm.

“Although we knew from previous studies that everolimus could delay the growth of pancreatic NETs, this is the first time we have been able to conclusively show that it is effective in other NET sites," said lead investigator James Yao, chair of the Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, when he presented the data at the 2015 European Cancer Congress.

In the RADIANT-4 trial, 302 patients with progressive, well-differentiated, nonfunctional lung/GI NETs were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive best supportive care plus everolimus at 10 mg per day (n = 205) or placebo (n = 97). Tumors were located in the GI tract (n = 175), lung (n = 90), or were of unknown origin (n = 36). The primary endpoint of the study was PFS. Secondary outcome measures included overall survival (OS), response, and safety.

PFS benefits were consistent across subgroup analyses. There was a 50% improvement in PFS seen for those with lung tumors and a 44% benefit in those with GI NETs, which were located in the stomach, colon, rectum, appendix, cecum, ileum, duodenum, and jejunum. Those with tumors of unknown origin saw a 40% improvement in PFS with everolimus.

Tumor shrinkage of any degree occurred in 64% of patients in the everolimus group and 26% of the placebo group. The objective response rate for those in the everolimus group was 2% compared with 1% in the placebo arm. The disease control rate was 82.4% with everolimus versus 64.9% with placebo.

Data from a subgroup analysis looking specifically at GI NETs further illuminated the benefit in this population.² In the GI subgroup, median PFS was 13.1 months with everolimus versus 5.4 months with placebo. In the midgut subgroup, median PFS was 17.3 months with everolimus versus 10.9 months with placebo. Among patients with non-midgut NETS, median PFS was 8.1 months versus 1.9 months, respectively.

“Everolimus is an effective and new exciting treatment option in a disease where we’ve had very few treatment options to date,” lead study author Simron Singh, MD, a medical oncologist at Sunnybrook’s Odette Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada, said when presenting the data ahead of the 2016 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. “Regardless of prior treatment, the patients appeared to benefit from everolimus across the board."

Patients received everolimus for a median of 40.4 weeks. The main reasons for treatment discontinuations were disease progression and AEs. Disease progression occurred in 37% of patients treated with everolimus versus 72% of those in the placebo arm. AEs accounted for discontinuations in 29% and 7% for everolimus and placebo, respectively.

In addition to NETs, everolimus is approved for several indications, including HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in combination with exemestane and for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma following progression on frontline sunitinib or sorafenib. The agent also holds approvals for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.

References

• Yao J, Fazio N, Singh S, et al. Everolimus in advanced nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of lung or gastrointestinal (GI) origin: efficacy and safety results from the placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, Phase III RADIANT-4 study. Presented at: 2015 European Cancer Congress; September 25-29; Vienna, Austria. Abstract LBA5.
• Singh S, Carnaghi C, Buzzoni R, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus in advanced, progressive, nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and unknown primary: A subgroup analysis of the phase III RADIANT-4 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34 (suppl 4S; abstr 315).